Protein Synthesis is a process by which individual cells build their specific proteins. The process has and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) & ribonucleic acids (RNA). The process happens in the cell’s nucleus. This RNA molecule (copy of the DNA) moves from the nucleus to the cell cytoplasm, where protein synthesis happens.
There are four organelles that are involved in protein synthesis. These include the nucleus, ribosomes, the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus, or the Golgi complex. All four work together to synthesize, package and process proteins.
Humans are a kind of organism that use protein synthesis
Protein synthesis is important because the proteins created during this process control the activities of the cells. Without these proteins, many of the processes in the body would fail or not work properly. The DNA in each cell holds the instructions on how to make the protein, which is why every cell in the body must have a copy of the DNA.
There are 3 steps to transcription. 1. DNA Polymerase unzips the DNA 2. Use the DNA template to make an mRNA, RNA use U instead of T 3. mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes into the cytoplasm
Organelles that are involved is the nucleus and ribosomes.
mRNA, rRNA, tRNA & DNA are the only molecules.
RNA base pairing is adenine pairs with thymine or uracil, and guanine pairs with cytosine. DNA base pairing is adenine with thymine and guanine and cytosine. Without complimentary base pairing their would be no structure of a DNA meaning no protein.
It must occur in the nucleus where the DNA in the cell is located but when mRNA happens, it leaves the nucleus and occurs in the cytoplasm.
DNA has to be turned into RNA in order leave the nucleus. DNA can't leave the nucleus because it always has to be protected since it carries our genes.
There are 4 steps to Translation. 1. mRNA attaches to the ribosome 2. Ribosome reads the mRNA groups in three bases = a codon 3. tRNA molecule come along with right anticodon to match the mRNA codon 4. tRNA molecule carries the amino acid and links them together with peptide bonds to make a protein
The cytoplasm and the ribosomes are involved
mRNA, rRNA, tRNA & DNA are the only molecules
tRNA know to bring the correct amino acid pair because tRNA pair onto the mRNA by way of an anticodon on the opposite side of the molecule. Each anticodon on tRNA matches up with a codon on the mRNA. Amino acids are assembled in the correct order dictated by the mRNA code.
The ribosome only allows the tRNA to bind to the mRNA if it is carrying an amino acid so this happen in the ribosome
Mutation occurs when a DNA gene is damaged or changed in such a way as to mess up the genetic message carried by that gene
There's two different types of Mutation, point mutation and frameshift mutation.
Point Mutation is a substitution of a base usually only change one amino acid
Frameshift Mutation is a mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide
Frameshift is considered worst because every amino acid change after mutation, creating a different protein
Many mutations are neutral, meaning that they have little or no impact on the expression of genes/protein. Some can be harmful if it causes a change in protein structure or gene activity
Credits:
Created with images by dullhunk - "DNA / Protein function finder from @WellcomeTrust @SangerInstitute @emblebi @YourGenome"