The United States Coast Guard has a long history of military working animals. During World War II, horses and dogs were used operationally. Early in the war, German spies landed on East Coast beaches and enemy subs were sighted on East and West coasts. These incidents led to the establishment of Coast Guard beach patrols and, by August 1942, the first Coast Guard dog was on patrol. During the war, 2,000 dogs participated in beach patrols alongside their Coast Guard handlers.
Narcotic detection canines in the Coast Guard
In the 1990s, there were several Coast Guard canine teams in service. These teams were located at Station Sandy Hook, New Jersey, and Station South Padre Island, Texas, and used mainly for narcotics detection. In addition, there was a narcotic detection canine stationed at the Law Enforcement Detachment (LEDET) in Miami, Florida. Over the years, the Coast Guard’s narcotics detection canine program has remained relatively small. Normally, the Coast Guard finds narcotics on the order of hundreds of pounds. With drug quantities on this scale, there’s no need for a dog, because humans can visually locate the drugs.
The Coast Guard was tasked with a variety of Maritime Homeland Security missions, which included high-capacity vessel safety and security for cruise ships and ferries. The best tool for this job was an explosive detection canine team. Due to the canine’s unique ability to detect even the smallest amount of explosives, the Coast Guard could effectively screen vessels before and after they left port. Thus, the modern Coast Guard canine program was born.
The Canines
The service’s preference of dog breed for law enforcement and substance detection mission has changed through the years. During World War II, the Coast Guard used mostly Doberman Pinschers; however, like other military branches, the Coast Guard received dogs from civilians who gave up pets for the war effort.
Therefore, the service used a variety of breeds for its beach patrol in the early days of the program. The breeds first used in the modern Coast Guard Canine Program were Labrador Retrievers; however, as the science of canine capabilities has progressed the service has added specific breeds, such as German Shepherds, Belgian Malinois, German Short Haired Pointers and Vizslas.
Handler Selection and Training
Coast Guard canine handlers are also a special breed. Candidates must be a Maritime Enforcement Specialists of the highest caliber with an enlisted rank of at least E5. Members that apply must receive a positive endorsement from their commanding officer and a thorough screening by headquarters. Selectees must also make a six-year commitment to the service to ensure they are dedicated to the demands of this highly sought after position.
In 2003, the Coast Guard initiated the modern Canine Program with 12 teams at Auburn University, in Alabama. In 2005, the program began training alongside its Department of Homeland Security partners at the Customs & Border Protection in Front Royal, Virginia. Beginning in 2011, Coast Guard canine teams receive their initial training through the Transportation and Security Administration’s National Explosive Detection Canine Program, at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio.
For a canine team, the program begins with a 12-week course that educates handlers on caring for and training their canine partners. Handlers and their dogs are trained to detect explosive odors on vessels, aircraft, railroad cars, automobiles, luggage, packages, and airline terminals. To graduate, the teams must achieve a 100 percent odor detection rating during a final evaluation in all search areas. After graduation, the teams return to their units where they develop specialized skills required by their respective ports. Handlers are required to obtain qualifications in Emergency Vehicle Operations, Boarding Officer Certified Ashore, Canine Tactical Combat Casualty Care, and other certifications required to be successful in the Maritime Enforcement Specialist rating.
Coast Guard Canine Explosive Detection Team-Special Capabilities
Coast Guard canine teams maintain specialized skills to do their part in the Maritime Homeland Security mission set. In addition to deploying in austere environments far offshore, the canines must perform searches in tight spaces and, sometimes, loud engine rooms. In addition to these shipboard challenges, the canines must ascend and descend ladders to gain access to compartments deep inside vessels. Assuring that canines can search effectively in these environments takes months of training for the dogs and handlers.
Vertical Delivery (VDEL)
Vertical Delivery (VDEL) is the capability to deploy Canine Explosive Detection Teams (CEDTs) to vessels offshore via helicopter. This capability sets them apart from their Department of Homeland Security counterparts by enabling the Coast Guard teams to quickly and safely interdict vessels at sea. This capability also allows Coast Guard operational commanders the ability to ensure the safety of U.S. ports by extending their reach hundreds of miles offshore to meet potential threats before they pose a danger to American citizens.
VDEL from a helicopter requires complete trust between the handler and his canine partner. This trust is built over years. During these years, the canine learns that the handler will not endanger them, unless absolutely necessary to preserve human life. Before a canine team can be deployed via helicopter the handler has to properly acclimate his canine partner to the sights, sounds and smells of a loud airborne asset. Additionally, after qualifying, the teams must train regularly to ensure they are prepared at any time for an operational deployment.
Vessel to Vessel Hoisting (V2V)
In addition to their helicopter delivery capability, the teams perform Vessel-to-Vessel Hoisting. Coast Guard canine handlers are subject matter experts in the practice of hoisting their canine partners from one vessel to another while underway. Again, the teams conduct rigorous training under dangerous conditions, including night-time and inclement weather deployments to ensure readiness for this vital mission.
Other Missions
CEDTs also support local, state and federal agencies during National Special Security Events and large public events, and as VIP protective services. Coast Guard CEDTs have provided security to thousands of people through explosives detection during such events as the Super Bowl, Rose Bowl Game and Parade, and San Francisco Fleet Week. Working alongside their U.S. Secret Service partners, Coast Guard canine teams have also ensured the safety of diplomats, kings, first ladies and presidents at such events as the State of the Union Address, United Nations General Assembly, and Democratic and Republican National Conventions.
A Special Bond
One hallmark of the Coast Guard Canine Program is the policy that allows handlers to take their canine partners home with them. Other military services canine teams require their dogs to live in kennels for the duration of their service. The fact that the canines live with their handlers exponentially strengthens the trust critical to the success of the team when they conduct high-risk missions.
Today’s Coast Guard has 18 globally deployable CEDTs. They are assigned to the service’s Maritime Safety and Security Teams (MSSTs) and Maritime Security and Response Teams (MSRTs) strategically positioned throughout the United States. These highly-trained canine teams are capable of deploying from helicopters and vessels to meet a variety of onshore and offshore threats.
The Coast Guard canine program has adapted and evolved to the changing times much like our service throughout its history. The canines and handlers remain just as critical to our national security today as they did when the first dogs went into service during World War II.