Temperature Vs. Heat

Heat: The transfer of energy from one substance to another

Temperature: The measure of energy in a substance

Laws of thermo

• First law: Energy and matter can neither be created nor destroyed only transformed or changed from one form to another.
• Second law: In any spontaneous process there is always an increase in the entropy of the universe.
• Third law: At absolute zero 0 nothing is moving (absolute 0 can never be reached)
• Zeroth law: Heat flows from high to low (heat =q)

Up-Cycling vs. Down cycling

Up-cycling: Taking recycling and making it more valuable

Basically any old useless things you have in your closets and attics can be turned into something much more valuable. Coke cans into jewlery, dusty old curtains into a beautiful dress. anything that raises the value of its original form.

Down-cycling:Making something less valuable

Paper,plastic and glass can all be down-cycled. Writing paper to photo copy paper to cardboard to toilet paper. It lowers the price and value of its original form.

Recycling metals and paper

• Aluminum: You can recycle aluminum as many times as you want but its extremely expensive to recycle.
• paper: It must always be down-cycled
• Glass: You can recycle and down-cycle it (brown glass)
• Plastic: It must always be down-cycled also cheaper to make then to recycle it (takes a 1,000 years to break down)

Soil Profiles

• O-Horizon (Made of organic matter): The O-horizon depends on the amount of vegitation.
• A-Horizon (Top soil/Bio-mantle): Has a dark red color to it and some humus. Plants get nitrogen from this horizon.
• E-Horizon (Leeching layer): Not all soils have have this layer. You can recognize it between 2 dark layers, a very light color soil.
• B-Horizon (Sub soil): Plants go into the B-Horizon to get water and minerals.
• C-Horizon (Regolith): This Horizon has no nutrients
• R/D-Horizon (Bedrock): This horizon has a color depending on the rocks around the area. Water goes through the R-Horizon, drinking water is below this layer.

Micro and macro nutrients

Micro nutrients

• Boron
• Copper
• Iron
• Manganese
• Molybdenum

Macro nutrients

• Nitrogen
• Phosphorous
• Potassium
• Calcium
• Magnesium
• Sulfur

Most of these nutrients are very important in the development of a growing plant. Micro nutrients balance the plants nutrients.

Fertilizers

Fertilizer: A substance that contains one or more macro nutrients

Organic Fertilizers

• Best fertilizers for soil
• Made from plant and animal waste
• Its a bit expensive
• Also has bacteria that can cause you harm

inorganic fertilizers

• The minerals made from this fertilizer are man made
• Its very cheap
• When you overuse this soil it can destroy the soil

Ammonium nitrate

• One of the most common nutrients in fertilizers, it can cause great harm because it has a tendency to explode.
• Another name for it is ANFO

Compound fertilizer

• This fertilizer has many macro nutrients
• NPK for example is made from Nitrogen,Phosphorous, and Potassium.

Deficiencies and toxicities

deficiencies

A plant has a deficiency when the plant does not get the nutrients that it needs. It can be a macro or micro nutrient its lacking or not getting at all. An example here in Arizona would be that our soil lacks nitrogen which can cause nitrogen deficiencies in plants.

Toxicities

Toxicities happen when there is an overuse of a nutrient that kills the plant.

properties of water

• Water is a polar molecule which means it will be attracted to other molecules of water like a magnet.
• Water has a high polarity.
• Water has a low density for ice, when lakes or ponds freeze the top part of the water freezes while the rest of water remains unfrozen.
• here is a video with more info. on waters properties.

Types of water pollution

• Runoff: The runoff from farms can cause water pollution. Which flows into lakes and rivers.
• Point source pollution: Pollution that comes from one spot. If it happens we can fix it, the bad news is there is no preventing point source pollution.
• Non point source pollution: This type of pollution is the one associated with runoff. It cannot be found at its source but when it is found theres no fixing it, the good news is it is preventable.

water treatment(removing pollution)

There are 4 types of contaminants in water we filter DSA (disease causing agents), Sediment, and organic compounds.

Disease causing agents: Any infectious organism that causes disease

• Its a fact that we can't test for every organism/disease.
• They only test for one type of bacteria to identify if there is any DSA, which is E. coli.

sediment

• Sediment pollution is dirt and soil in the water.
• Its problems is it blocks sunlight from entering the water, it brings toxins into the water, and it usually inorganic plant nutrients from fertilizer.
• Sediment and water causes "dead zones" in areas, it has the same effect as sewage in water, and it kills aquatic life because the oxygen levels are so low.

organic compounds

This pollution is made from any chemical that has carbon atoms (Ex.Pesticides,herbicides,Industrial chemicals). Its also one of the most concerning pollution in the water since the effects are still not understandable.

atomic theory

Over the years the concept of Atomic Theory has changed due to scientists own theories and ideas about the subject. Whether it be a model or laws about atoms their ideas helped contribute to this theory.

Democritus- Ancient greece

Democritus had one question "If you cut something in half does it change what its made out of?". Another idea of his was that each thing had its own individual atom.