Ribosomes

• Ribosomes are tiny globular/egg-shaped organelles made up of 2 protein subunits as well as rRNA.
• Their main function is protein synthesis by using mRNA derived from DNA in the nucleus.
• They are found in all types of organisms (both prokaryotes and eukaryotes) and they are abundant in all organisms.
• Diseases may include Diamond-Blackfan anemia (when bone marrow doesn't function properly), as well as dyskeratosis congenita, and treacher collins syndrome.
• Fun fact: Ribosomes aren't surrounded by a membrane like other organelles!

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• The rough ER is a series of flattened sacs of membrane connected to the nucleus with ribosomes bound to it.
• They create membranes and secretory proteins which will be transported to the Golgi body or the smooth ER and then exported out of the cell.
• Both plants and animal cells have a rough ER, but they're mainly prolific in pancreatic cells.
• Diseases may include Parkinson's disease, which affects movement and you may experience super shaky hands.
• Fun fact: Hemoglobin is produced here by the ribosomes attached to the rough ER!

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

• The smooth ER is connected to the rough ER and is tubular shaped.
• They create lipids and carbohydrates and also act as the transitional area for product from the rough ER. It also plays a role in detoxification.
• Both plants and animal cells have a smooth ER, but they're mainly prolific in liver cells.
• Diseases may include Type 2 diabetes (high blood sugar concentration in the bloodstream), as well as atherosclerosis.
• Fun fact: It's called the smooth ER because it doesn't have ribosomes bounded to it.

The Golgi Apparatus

• The Golgi apparatus is a stack of flattened sacs in a semi-circular shape.
• The Golgi apparatus modifies products of the ER (both) and then transports them off to the rest of the cell.
• Both plants and animals have Golgi apparatuses, but they're mainly prolific in pancreatic cells.
• A Golgi apparatus disease may include Parkinson's disease, which affects movement and causes shaky hands (as mentioned in the rough ER).
• Fun fact: Molecules already modified by the Golgi apparatus can be modified again by the same Golgi apparatus!

Mitochondria

• Mitochondria are rod-shaped organelles that are double membrane-bound (one has a phospholipid bilayer), they have their own DNA and ribosomes.
• Mitochondria synthesize energy for the cell by making ATP from cellular respiration.
• Both plants and animal cells have mitochondria, but they're mainly prolific in fat cells.
• Diseases for mitochondria may include multiple mitochondrial dysfunction syndrome, where multiple stage of impaired energy production occurs, which may lead to weak muscle tones and severe brain dysfunction.
• Fun fact: They reproduce separately from the rest of the cell and contain their own DNA!

Chloroplast

• Chloroplasts are ovular organelles with membrane bound sacs inside of it. Chloroplasts also contain chlorophyll, which are green pigments for photosynthesis.
• Chloroplasts are like the mitochondria of plant cells, they produce energy for the cell, but through photosynthesis instead of cellular respiration.
• Chloroplasts are found only in plant cells, and are prolific in the leaf cells.
• A chloroplast disease may include a phenotype mutation which can result in the whitening of plants.
• Fun fact: Like mitochondria, chloroplasts reproduce separately from the cell and also contain their own DNA.

Flagellum

• Flagella are whip-like structures protruding from the cell and connected to the cell membrane.
• Flagella are mainly only used for cell movement.
• Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes have flagella, but they're mainly prolific in sperm cells.
• Diseases associated with Flagella include one called Ciliary dyskinesia which affect the respiratory tract and cause breathing problems.
• Fun fact: The flagella found in eukaryotic cells are way different from those of prokaryotes. Eukaryotic flagella have the cell membrane surrounding it as well, while prokaryotic flagella do not.

Cillia

• Cillia are hair-like structures protruding from the cell.
• Like flagella, cillia mainly only function in cell movement.
• Only animal cells contain cillia, and they are mainly prolific in the respiratory tract and egg cells.
• Diseases associated with cillia can the same as the disease associated with flagella like ciliary dyskinesia, which affects the respiratory tract and causes breathing problems.
• Fun fact: Although they are mainly used for movement, in the respiratory tract, cillia function in noses by taking out dust particles in the air we breathe.

Lysosome

• Lysosomes are spherical-like membrane bound sacs containing digestive enzymes.
• Their main function is in disposal of wastes, digestion of nutrients (when with a food vacuole), and cell death.
• Lysosomes are only found in eukaryotes and are prolific in digestive cells like the liver, pancreas, etc.
• Diseases for lysosomes may include Pompe's disease (which weakens muscles, enlarges the liver, and causes heart defects), Hurler syndrome, and Tay-Sachs disease.
• Fun fact: Since lysosomes function in cell death as well, they are nicknamed the "suicidal sacs."

Food Vacuole

• Food vacuoles are globular, membrane bound sacs, resembling larger vesicles.
• Food vacuoles function in food storage and digestion (when working with a lysosome).
• Only eukaryotes contain food vacuoles, and they are mainly prolific in single-celled organisms like amoebas.
• Diseases may include Danons disease which causes the weakening of heart muscles and skeletal muscles.
• Fun fact: Animal cells contain many small vacuoles while a plant cell really only has one large vacuole.

Central Vacuole

• The Central vacuole is a gigantic membrane bound sac in the center of a plant cell.
• The central vacuole stores nutrients in the cell, stores water, controls cell turgor/pressure, and stimulates cell growth.
• Only plants have a central vacuole, and so they are prolific only in plants.
• Diseases associated with the central vacuole includes a disease known as "central vacuole disease state." In this state, the whole organelle shuts down, which allows toxins into the cell, killing it.
• Fun fact: Sometimes a central vacuole can contract in order to pump excess water out of the plant cell.

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https://prezi.com/hy8hg1-v91ix/central-vacuole/